, underemployment, wages, the graduate wage premium and the penalty for underemployment. The supply of tertiary graduates increased … wages trended predominantly downward, but varied a great deal between countries. The graduate wage premium declined by more …

This study examines the productivity and efficiency spillovers in the presence of trade linkages in 27 European Union … policies and reforms to improve productivity growth. Meanwhile, trade-induced productivity and efficiency spillovers have often … partners. Our results provide evidence of productivity and efficiency spillovers; however, the gains are uneven. Policy …

' survival and employment growth disentangling horizontal and vertical spillovers. We investigate these issues both for firms …. We consider the heterogeneity of both MNEs and domestic firms (global engagement, firm and sector dimension, productivity … favor of positive spillovers is not overwhelming. In the case of Italy, the survival of domestic firms is positively …

total factor productivity relationship. Static externalities refer to current period scale or industry-size effects which … spillovers associated with spillovers from these two types of knowledge externalities. The magnitude of own-region impacts and … other-region (spillovers) can be assessed using scalar summary measures of the own- and cross-partial derivatives from the …