Since the global financial crisis, alternative finance — which includes financial instruments and distributive channels that emerge outside of the traditional financial system – has thrived in the U.S., the U.K. and Continental Europe. In particular, online alternative finance, from...

This year’s report is titled ‘Shifting Paradigms’ to, in part, emphasise the continued growth and development of the European Alternative Finance Industry, but also underscore that these patterns of growth can develop and change as the sector continues to develop and mature. Throughout the...

This Paper gives the results of the Author’s in-depth analysis of the European traded gas hubs in 2020, as well as explaining the ‘LNG effect’ on increased volumes in Belgium, France, and Spain in particular. The purpose of the analysis is to confirm that the hubs are all still relevant...

This paper is focused on the multidimensional assessment of over 1300 cities and regions in Europe based on a powerful and policy-relevant set of 17 smart and sustainable performance indicators. Our approach, based on Shmelev and Shmeleva (2018), is driven by alternative policy priorities...

European gas markets experienced a very turbulent period from 2020 to 2022, which led to the lowest ever northwest European gas prices at the end of May 2020, then several strong rallies led to four successive ‘highest ever’ prices, the most recent being in August 2022. After each of those...