Gas exports to the Continent are regulated by long term take-or-pay contracts. The contracts are described and analyzed. We thereafter examine whether the most central European gas market, the German market, is integrated. Are there substantial price differences between gas from different export...

The process of European integration has gained considerable momentum during the past couple of years. This paper provides an assessment of the degree of integration of both the accession states of central and eastern Europe and of the pre-ins for monetary union with respect to Germany. Using...

This study examines the dynamic relationship between the major stock indices of the US, Japan, France and the UK by using the non-linear Granger-causality test. The empirical evidence indicates that there is a strong bi-directional non-linear causal relationship between the US and the others....

This study investigates the long-run relationships and short-run dynamic causal linkages between the stock exchange of Egypt and its counterparts in the Group of Seven (G7) countries, prior to and following the tragic events of September 2001, utilizing Johansen's cointegration and variance...

The harmonization and integration of separate national energy markets to an interconnected internal European market is a top priority of the European Commission. However, as energy policy largely remains subject to national sovereignty, a higher degree of integration can cause unilateral...