We provide evidence that risk aversion leads pharmaceutical firms to underinvest in radical andnovel innovation. We do …, reducing their willingness to investin potentially valuable radical innovation …

Does regulation affect the pace and nature of innovation and if so, by how much? We build a tractable and quantifiable … sharp reduction in the firm's innovation response to exogenous demand shocks for firms just below the regulatory threshold …. We then quantitatively fit the parameters of the model to the data, finding that innovation at the macro level is about 5 …

-containment measures and innovation issues is performed, then in the second chapter, an empirical study is performed to investigate … price for off-patent markets can contribute in promoting innovation. Finally, in the fourth chapter, the modeling of risk …