on how the local entry of a hard-discounter affects the market performance of traditionalʺ supermarkets. It is argued … competitive impact of hard-discounters at a more detailed (category-by-category) level, and examines whether an economy private … label as is employed by many supermarkets in response to hard-discounters can indeed be effective in reducing this impact …

stimulate price competition - resulting in fees falling from the current 30 percent - and competition in variety and features …