on how the local entry of a hard-discounter affects the market performance of traditionalʺ supermarkets. It is argued … competitive impact of hard-discounters at a more detailed (category-by-category) level, and examines whether an economy private … label as is employed by many supermarkets in response to hard-discounters can indeed be effective in reducing this impact …

increase with the intensity of competition. We develop a new measure of competition for which we use the proximity (in … departure time) of a given flight to its competitors to infer the intensity of competition and estimate the impact of … competition on advance purchase discounts (APDs) and the dynamic pricing of airlines by exploiting plausibly exogenous changes in …

taste information in the presence of competition between the retailer's store brand and a manufacturer's national brand. In … augments the value of the direct effect - even though this increases the competition between the brands. Otherwise, the …