-official institutions and interventionist impulses of autocratic states such as China’s Qing and Spain’s Bourbon empires. …

suppression of the old monopolistic system and the concession of liberty of traffic to the colonies with the harbors of Spain …" firm are connected to the emigration which, from the northern regions of Spain, headed towards Cádiz, in the XVIII century …

Spain entered into hundreds of contracts whose value and due date was contingent upon verifiable, exogenous events such as …

Spain. Over the ensuing decades, Spain finally conquered the Muslims at Granada in 1492 and completed the Reconquista. Spain … 15th century and through the middle of the 17th century, Spain was the world’s dominant economic and military empire. But … circumstances, including the Spanish Empire of the 16th century. And while some historians have appraised the decline of Spain in …