This paper examines the movements in EU unemployment from two perspectives: (a) the NRU/NAIRU perspective, in which unemployment movements are attributed largely to changes in the long-run equilibrium unemployment rate and (b) the chain-reaction perspective, in which unemployment movements are...

The labour endowment and utilization across sub-national regions differ by educational attainment. Generally, the high-income developed regions are richly endowed with the highly educated that enjoys greater employment stability. The reverse may be true for the lower-income developing regions....