"The flow of goods, services, capital, current payments and other transactions of trade across frontiers … is fundamentally free …" - with these words begins the German Außenwirtschafts-Gesetz - AWG (Foreign Trade Act), Article Number One. After this Law had been passed in 1961, many...

"This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the use of safeguards in a trade agreement. It then analyzes the available data on the use of safeguards by WTO members to examine two hypotheses in the economics literature, that safeguards improve welfare by facilitating tariff...

Article 115 EEC Treaty enables a member state to block indirect imports of goods stemming from countries outside the Community which have first been imported by another member state, and thus helps to preserve the existence of national commercial policies as opposed to a uniform Community...

Advance consent clauses are the crux of modern bilateral investment treaties. By giving investors direct access to arbitration against states, they make the substantive promises of the treaties credible. They are responsible for the exponential increase in the number of investor-state...

This paper provides an overview of the Philippines' defensive and offensive interests in a Free Trade Agreement with the European Union in the areas of Competition Policy, Government Procurement, Intellectual Property Rights, Dispute Settlement and Trade Remedies. It examines these interests in...