We create proxies for constrained supply of lendable shares by combining unique data on loan fees, stock lending activity, and failures to deliver to examine how contrarian short-sale strategies are affected by constraints. Constraints affect roughly one-third of the cross- section of stocks and...

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the flash crash, and explain why and how it happened. Design/methodology/approach - The author summarizes several studies suggesting various perspectives on the flash crash and its causes. Furthermore, the author highlights...

This paper puts into perspective enforcement as conducted by the French Financial Market Authority since its creation in 2003 until 2021 with regards to the current state of the literature on financial crimes. We survey exhaustively the three main channels of action: sanctions, settlements...