Over the last decade and a half non-financial corporations' (NFCs) listings have displayed a heterogeneous pattern across European countries. The number of listed NFCs has increased in Italy and Spain, while it has declined in Germany, France and the United Kingdom. In Italy, the increase in the...

MiFID has fostered competition between stock exchanges and alternative trading systems by removing the possibility for EU Member States to establish that equities must be traded only on regulated markets (so-called concentration rule). This paper empirically measures how market fragmentation is...