Originally scheduled for 2020, the 10th Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) had to be deferred four times. It was not until August 2022 that the 191 NPT states finally met. At least since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, observers had expected that...

As the polar ice-cap melts, human and economic activity increases in the Arctic region. Thus, the risk of conflict in the area also increases. This has made it more urgent to establish non-military, cooperative mechanisms for environmental protection and security in the Arctic. On August 10,...

Providing assurances about security to another state or states is a potentially useful technique for achieving defense and foreign policy goals. Security assurances play an especially prominent role in the nuclear nonproliferation regime. Empirical research remains limited, however, on the...

Natural law principles played an important role in the early development of international legal theory, but were subsequently displaced by positivist ideals. Within the past half-century, fundamental changes in international society have revealed the limitations of a purely positivist approach...