This paper reviews the main features of market-oriented foreign trade reforms in planned economies. It considers reform initiatives aimed at expanding enterprise autonomy and breaking up the state monopoly of foreign trade, modifying the exchange rate system, and reforming the domestic price...

The transition from a command to a market economy requires profound reforms of the tax system. Such a transition will put downward pressures on the level of taxation at a time when public expenditure remains high. This paper outlines the main characteristics of the tax systems in...

In this report the authors analyze the CMEA trading relationship using the standard concepts of 1) specialization in accord with comparative advantage, and 2) the incentives to resist trade liberalization because of rents accruing to industry specific factors of production (including job...

Insofar as the New International Economic Order (NIEO) is aimed at strengthening the national sovereignty of the developing countries, at eliminating their dependence upon external "imperialist" markets, the Eastern bloc does indeed give very concrete expression to its support. The starting...

The virtually bloodless revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe have understandably given rise to a rich complex spectrum of controversy and debate among reformers and specialists in both East and West on the problems and prospects surrounding the ability of these economies to make a successful...

The transition from a command to a market economy requires profound reforms of the tax system. Such a transition will put downward pressures on the level of taxation at a time when public expenditure remains high. This paper outlines the main characteristics of the tax systems in...