cause of the slowdown in East Asia; in the Malaysian context at least a vulnerability to the downturn in the electronic …

evidence that Japan exported low quality manufactured goods to new, low-income destinations. Instead, reductions in trade costs … helped Japan augment market share. Exit is relatively rare but appears to be determined by market-specific demand …

evidence that Japan exported low quality manufactured goods to new, low-income destinations. Instead, reductions in trade costs … helped Japan augment market share. Exit is relatively rare but appears to be determined by market-specific demand …

In this paper we examine the changing nature of Japan's commercial policy over the last 25 years while reviewing Japan …'s changing structure of trade, FDI and economy that underlay policy changes. We argue that until the late 1990s Japan adopted a … two-track approach of relying on multilateral liberalization under the GATT/WTO and open regionalism under Asia …

In this paper we examine the changing nature of Japan's commercial policy over the last 25 years while reviewing Japan …'s changing structure of trade, FDI and economy that underlay policy changes. We argue that until the late 1990s Japan adopted a … two-track approach of relying on multilateral liberalization under the GATT/WTO and open regionalism under Asia …