This paper shows that railroad building in Russia, as in Europe and the US in the nineteenth century, improved the value of land, a classic benefit of transportation investment in largely agrarian countries. From a database constructed for this paper, we use cross-sectional data for the fifty...

Managing the poor's funds in the Middle Ages was a great responsibility and a rather complex task that relied on the involvement and contributions of numerous persons, not least on the voluntary work of well-educated men. Using the example of the poor relief administration in the small German...

Residential segregation by race grew sharply during the early twentieth century as black migrants from the South arrived in northern cities. The existing literature emphasizes collective action by whites to restrict where blacks could live as the driving force behind this rapid rise in...