The recent Saudi Arabia’s “Vision 2030” including the National Transformation Plan has renewed the debate on the efficiency of government spending. The aim of this paper was twofold. First, to measure the relative efficiency of Saudi Arabia’s public spending over the period 1988–2013...

This paper explores management practices in KSA on dimensions of management styles and perceptions on management with cultural background factors through in-depth interviews. Two group of mangers have been described with common and different management perspectives: (1) Middle East originated...

Arabian cultures are of historical and contemporary importance, yet little is known about their psychological characteristics. We hypothesized that the importance of memberships in kinship groups in Arabian culture leads to both strong interdependent tendencies via group identification, but also...

China is currently the world’s largest oil importer and is on track to becoming the biggest consumer of liquefied natural gas (LNG). This dependency is viewed as a strategic vulnerability, especially as China’s ties with the USA are worsening and Beijing has growing concerns about...