First Japan and more recently China have pursued export-oriented growth strategies. While other Asian countries have … done likewise, Japan and China are of particular interest because their economies are so large and the size of the …

high, gains accrue to the EU and Japan from trade diversion if the substitutions elasticities of imports are high. Costs … regions, the US, China, EU, Japan and Rest of the World, and calibrated to a global 2009 micro consistent data set. The other … debated. In a US-China trade conflict, Europe and Japan would seem gainers from preferential access to US and Chinese markets …

region. We find that features of a country associated with more trade with either Japan or the United States also tend to be … associated with more DFI from Japan or the United States. U.S. economic relations with Japan and Western Europe provide an … important exception. Despite U.S. concern about its trade deficit with Japan, we find Japan to be much more open to the United …

Department) brought about a 1986 trade agreement in which the United States forced Japan to end the 'dumping' of semiconductors … 'affirmative action' for the industry in its efforts to sell more in Japan, but has been criticized as constituting 'export …

protectionist policies can in some cases increase aggregate welfare in North America at the expense of Japan …