The European Commission mandated the consulting firm CE Delft to develop a framework for the internalisation of external costs and to devise a number of potential internalisation scenarios for further analysis. The results of their preliminary research are published in a CE discussion paper, and...

The BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 raised worldwide concerns about the safety and liability of offshore drilling. The EU, having a significant number of offshore oil and gas drilling installations under a currently complex and fragmented legislative framework, was alerted. In the...

Over the years, the polluter pays principle has developed into a strong basis for EU policy making. Many European Directives refer to this principle, for instance as a basis for cost recovery or liability. The European Court of Justice has contributed significantly to the development of the...