: There is an urgent need of fundamental reforms of IBRD and IMF. Both institutions have repeatedly violated their own Articles of Agreement, creating damage to their members. Thwarting its founders’ intentions the IBRD has refrained from shouldering risks appropriately. This paper shows how...

Claiming that its definition of Official Development Assistance (ODA) has remained unchanged, the OECD concedes changes in interpretation broadening the concept’s scope. Discontinuities, inconsistencies in recording, items openly doubted to be ODA by the OECD, even expenditures officially...

Köhler's critique of global wages, where he presents the concept of productivity with great clarity, combines very well with Chaves' presentation of Köhler's model of Unequal Exchange (UE). A brief and solid common position emerges. As I wrote that "the dimension of non-equivalence in a...