as Canada, the United States and Japan. In this context, it is particularly stressed that, instead of applying actual …

European countries, namely Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. At first the reader will find brief country …

, Germany's exports are less vulnerable to price increases, while exports from France and Italy respond strongly to price …What explains Germany's superb export performance? Is Germany's export behaviour very distinct compared to other …-wage countries reduces costs allowing exporters to compete on price. Second, we find that Germany is the leading quality exporter in …

, where all countries compete; and non-euro-area markets, where, similarly, all countries compete. Whereas France and Germany … since 1999, Italy and Spain have performed better in the non-euro area than in the euro-area markets. Competitiveness in the … in Italy and in Germany …

measures. However, the competitiveness gap in 2014 vis-à-vis Germany remained unchanged in Italy and Spain, while it increased … marginally in France. The cumulative trend for 1999-2014 in France, Germany and Spain was more favorable vis-à-vis euro …This paper provides new Bank of Italy indicators of price competitiveness for 62 countries. We refreshed the approach …

Euro area (Germany, France, Italy and Spain), the UK and the USA. The result are very different for the countries …

marginal value of being an entrepreneur as a function of wealth. Countries with high start-up costs such as Italy, Spain and … France have flatter wealth gradients. …