Unlike other industries, significant changes in the airline industry have not mainly occurred due to technological changes, but rather as a result of developments in the applicable legal framework and various institutional reforms. As a consequence of the deregulation wave which dates back to...

In August 2008, the Polish Competition and Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) referred to the European Commission the results of its proceedings concerning the conditions of sale of laptops with a pre-installed Windows operating system. According to the CCPA, Microsoft and laptop manufacturers...

Private enforcement of competition law is gaining ground in Europe. The European Commission has made a number of reform attempts aimed at harmonizing and further endorsing private enforcement on a European scale. This paper discusses the key solutions proposed by the European Commission in its...

European competition law allocates far-reaching competences to the European Commission. The paper asks for the conditions under which the Commission may use these rights against the member states, focusing on the most powerful provision - the right of the Commission under Article 90 to issue...

This article examines European Union ("EU") competition law, as set out in the EC Treaty (treaty establishing the European Union) and subsequent legislation, for the purpose of evaluating the corresponding Latvian competition regulatory scene for its relative compliance and scope