In the aftermath of sovereign default of August 1998, the hypothesis of virtual economy in Russia developed by Gaddy … and Ickes has gained popularity. The hypothesis states that the country has not moved towards free-market economy but …

Until 2013, Ukraine’s record in reforming its economy and state was not impressive. The late start of reforms in the … Ukrainian history, which also opened a new window of political opportunity for reforming the Ukrainian state and economy. Since … enforcement agencies, large share of state ownership in the economy have remained unreformed or underreformed The Russian invasion …

result, the confrontation between the West and Russia has greatly escalated, which will have a long-term, large … the trade and financial restrictions can be lifted from Russia, and when. The article also makes recommendations that may …