This working paper analyses the transformations of the Mexican labour regulation model in its different phases. The first phase is selective inclusion of waged workers among the beneficiaries of the development driven by the internal market. The second phase includes the deactivation of labour...

The Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA), as amended by the Protocol of Amendment signed December 10, 2019, represents a major overhaul of the now-dated 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). However, it is unusual in that it has little traditional tariff liberalization,...

This paper presents a Canadian perspective on North American integration in the light of major changes in the world economy since the implementation more than a decade ago of the Canada-US FTA and the NAFTA. These changes highlight the need for completion of these FTA projects by totally...

The creation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) launched a new era of North American relations, an era in which the Canadian, Mexican and U.S. economies have become more closely integrated due to the rise in cross-border trade and investment in North America. Increased economic...

The concept of virtual water – the amount of water used during the entire production chain of goods – represents a new tool for policymakers in water-scarce countries to shape policies in ways that improve water use efficiency. The present study extends work on the virtual water concept by...

This paper utilizes a unique trade database that includes all provincial, state and cross-border trade in North America. The analysis shows that the border effect, although present, is not as strong as once thought and appears to be largely related to tariff and non-tariff based barriers to...