After having presented the religious rules which govern the Sharia-Compliant (SC) funds four samples of pairs (SC funds vs conventional) are constituted: 32 Malaysian funds over 2005-2009 (of which 11 over 2000-2010) and 13 international funds over 5 years (of which six over 10 years). The size...

This study aims to investigate the black market on gold in Paris during the Second World War. Based on documents from the Banque de France and French National archives, we discover that this black market was not so black since it was well known and tolerated by the German army and French police....

SUMMARY No official statistics exist dealing with the residence of aliens in France. But, administrative records may be used to estimate the length of stay and the number of permanent settlers among immigrant workers. Though economic movements may be the cause of migration, this study shows that...

The failure in 1697 of the 'Malt Lottery', the second Lottery-Loan, presents a beautiful case study. From a practical point of view, it tells us three things. 1) The technical features of the English State lotteries-loan were established for more than a century after only three experiments. 2)...

We focus on the effect of state versus private ownership on the rates of firm-specific productivity growth and cost decline by developing a model of endogenous, firm-specific productivity growth and testing its implications against panel data on 23 international airlines of varying levels of...

In order to finance the Italian war, Henry II ‘financial advisers have made in 1555 an enormous financial operation in LYON – then the French financial capital: a huge debt consolidation plus a cash issue. This issue was outstandingly “modern” by at least three aspects. 1. The...