This article is the second installment of the ‘Hardinian Collection’. The first article, ‘A Tragedy of the Space Commons?’, favourably argues that the outer space environment can be categorised as a ‘Space Commons’ which is vulnerable exposed to degradation and may result in its...

Before 2009, the literature on space law simply alleged that the growing population of space debris congesting near-Earth orbits is analogous to Garrett Hardin’s ‘Tragedy of the Commons’. These works, however, failed to illustrate how, if at all, the metaphorical model fits the actual...

Evening-hour luminosity observed using satellites is a good proxy for economic activity. The strengths of measuring economic activity using nightlight measurements include that the data capture informal activity, are available in near real-time, are cheap to obtain, and can be used to conduct...

Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty states that “the activities of non-governmental entities shall require authorization and continuing supervision.” This has caused confusion for the US government and for private entities that plan to operate in outer space engaging in nontraditional...

This paper situates the ongoing debate and recently changing political narrative around the fundamental principle of “peaceful purposes” as enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty. The origins and evolution of the meaning of peaceful purposes are discussed. Further, the paper advances arguments...

The living dead (Trademarks) are among us!Taking advantage of the lack of clear statutory guidance under federal Trademark law, these Zombie Trademarks are feeding on the residual goodwill of and praying on consumer nostalgia. As the Zombie Marks virus is permitted to spread, a paralyzing...

The state's right to outer space is far from clear delimitation. Outer space is a typical commons, which means every sovereign state has the right to use the outer space and no state has the right to exclude others from using the outer space. The logic of tragedy of commons equally applies in...

A subset of a topological space (X, ) is called preopen if ⊂ . The complement of a preopen set is called preclosed set. In the literature preopen sets have been utilized to characterize separation axioms, covering properties and functions. The aim of this paper is to introduce and study class...

Are there too many satellites in Low Earth Orbit, or too few? Why not use a market mechanism such as space launch auctions or orbit auctions to answer this question? This paper contributes to the literature on outer space governance by proposing a novel method of outer space governance: orbit...