This paper explores why Spanish banks internationalise and why Latin America has been the main region for the international expansion of BBVA and Santander. It shows that prior to 1986 Spanish banks had a limited presence abroad, and analyses the main drivers of this initial expansion...

The fundamental objective of this paper is to show the evolution of the agricultural credit co-operative movement in Spain during the first third of the XX century, when this finance alternative emerged and took shape, based on producer association. With this motive, we analyse aspects such as:...

This paper explores the impact of the mining boom in the biological standard of living and inequality in Rio Tinto, the main copper basin of Spain and one of the largest in the world. We use data height of military recruits in two municipalities: Zalamea Real and Nerva between 1856 and 1935...