Europeans have long taken a relaxed approach to due process requirements. Mere formalities should not prevent an efficient implementation of competition law, but rather be practical and foreseeable. With the Lisbon Treaty things are changing. A fair process and equality of arms based on...

The reporting obligations under the TRIPS Article 66 should provide a basis for discovering how the developed countries provide incentives to enterprises and institutions in their territories for the purpose of promoting and encouraging technology transfer and if these activities lead to...

The outbreak of the Global Financial Crisis (“Crisis”) coincided with the programmed phase-in of the second-generation Basel internationally harmonized capital adequacy regime (“Basel II”). Basel II transformed the 1988 Basel Accord's primitive capital adequacy rules into a more general...

This article traces the history of the fiscal stability features of the Eurozone, following the European Union's movement from a firm ‘no bailout' policy, through the eventual financial rescue of several troubled Eurozone member states during the Euro crisis, and then on to the 2012...

This article examines the implementation path of Basel III reforms within the European Union (“EU”). Basel III is the most recent version of the Basel global standards for bank regulation, adopted in response to the 2007/2008 financial crisis. Several EU Member States, as well as the EU...

The recent wave of nationalism in Europe - most clearly marked by Brexit - menaces the European Union and its institutions, including the Euro. As Europe heals from the loss of Great Britain, the Euro may serve as a continuing occasion for the construction of a European identity that will...

Hirschman's Exit/Voice conception has stimulated an extensive literature across many disciplines. Exit/Voice was designed to shine explanatory light on the responses of stakeholders in firms and states in moments of decline. We apply it here to the Bitcoin blockchain, where the Exit/Voice...

The concept of ‘appropriate level of protection’ (ALOP) runs throughout the SPS Agreement. ALOP reflects the considerable margin of appreciation retained by WTO Members in the application of health and food safety measures and a resigned acceptance of a permanent condition of heterogeneous...

A significant divide has developed between the large portion of the WTO membership which sees little or no benefit from the TRIPS undertakings and the small number of advanced economy members who seek ever greater IP standards. This chasm – between those who now judge TRIPS to be overreaching...