We consider the problem of stabilising the income of a country, henceforth the borrower, which would always prefer a stable income to a random income with the same average, i.e. a country which is risk-averse. This would be appropriate for countries which are heavily reliant upon agricultural...

Discussion about the positive and negative effects of foreign private investment has been going on for years. In the opinion of the authors, the varying benefits and costs of foreign investments to a host country suggest specific policies to optimise their mix.

In 1973 the Department of Trade and Industry has published a commissioned study of the effects on Britain of the inward flow of foreign direct investment. The present article summarizes some of the conclusions of this report, but is not meant to be a review of it, as it is written by its...

This paper proposes estimating causalities in bilateral international trade in simultaneous systems, including domestic and foreign GDP as well as mutual trade flows. Conventional macroeconomic theory mainly follows partial approaches like import functions or exportled growth. Focusing on the US...