Open access to labor organizations lagged nearly a century behind open access to business organizations, arising as part of the New Deal in the mid-1930s. During the century previous to the New Deal, firms and governments actively suppressed labor organization, frequently resorting to violence....

The International Labor Organization (ILO) is not an effective force for raising labor standards in the developing world and could become considerably more effective by taking account of the two of the most important and interrelated recent theoretical developments in understanding labor...

This paper analyzes emergent U.S. bilateral trade and investment frameworks, specifically its Model Free Trade Agreement (“FTA”) and Model Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”), with respect to labor provisions and relative enforcement mechanisms, which will likely be enveloped in any...