Using a unique fertility survey data from China, this paper is the first to use adoption approach to distinguish the nature effect from the nurture effect in China. We properly identify the paternal and maternal intergenerational transmission of education (ITE) by controlling for the assortative...

Purpose Currently, China's economy is in the critical phase of transforming economic development patterns and replacing old growth drivers with new ones. Whether it can successfully overcome the "middle-income trap" has become a significant issue attracting wide attention....