This paper investigates whether, and if so, to what extent, Level 3 fair values disclosed by European banks provide useful information to investors and are reflected in firm value changes. Using a unique sample of 416 hand-collected firm-year observations from European banks reporting under...

Consolidation of banks is driven by the objective of leveraging the synergies of geographical diversification, increased efficiency, cost savings and economies of scale. Being banking is an important component of the financial system; these structural changes can potentially have public policy...