Auch in der Theorie sind die Einkommens- und Vermögensbegriffe nicht immer von Erkenntnisprinzipien, sondern von politischen Absichten geprägt. Um dieses Fehlverständnis zu entlarven, bedürfen die Begriffe neuer theoretischer Grundlegung. Diese Zielsetzung verfolgt die vorliegende Studie....

This paper proves that the income theories by Hicks and Fisher offer insufficient explanation, and that the existing measuring approaches greatly over-estimate income. Instead, it uses Keynes' definition to prove that income is actually profit. Part of the rental, wage and interest receipts is...

This paper finds that capital and labor incomes in the United States have become more closely associated since the 1980s. This contributed to the well-known increase in the top 1 percent's share of total income, exacerbating rising inequality in capital incomes and earnings. The paper shows that...

Hill and Hill (2003) develop a seemingly ingenious GDP measure that includes capital gain. This paper proves that such measure is only a manipulation of the capitalization formula, that the measure is cost, not income, and that capital appreciation even raises the cost

In this article we tackle a fundamental problem in tax law: the resistance of the core concept of “income” to a coherent definition. It has long been recognized that there is a substantial gap between the formal definition of income adopted in 1955 by the Supreme Court in Commissioner v....

In this paper, we conduct a theoretical analysis of personal taxes (defined to include consumption and income taxes), describe and evaluate the past and present structure of personal taxes in Japan, and based on our findings, make a number of policy recommendations about how to reform personal...

We evaluate the effects of international outsourcing and labor taxation on wage formation and equilibrium unemployment in dual labor markets. Outsourcing promotes wage dispersion between the high-skilled and low-skilled workers. Higher domestic low-skilled wage tax, higher payroll tax and lower...

In this paper, we conduct a theoretical analysis of personal taxes (defined to include consumption and income taxes), describe and evaluate the past and present structure of personal taxes in Japan, and based on our findings, make a number of policy recommendations about how to reform personal...