The selection of climate policies should be an exercise in risk management reflecting the many relevant sources of uncertainty. Studies of climate change and its impacts rarely yield consensus on the distribution of exposure, vulnerability, or possible outcomes. Hence policy analysis cannot...

Declines of many North American birds are of conservation concern. Monitoring their population changes has largely depended on formally structured Breeding Bird Surveys, and Migration Monitoring Stations, although some use has been made of lists by birders. For almost 40 years, birders have kept...