The greatest challenge to the sustainability of our current era of globalization comes from within the United States. Most Americans have come to reject globalization. We must discern the lessons from the parts of the developed world where the backlash is also profound—France, for...

Recent decades have witnessed the remarkable rise of a kind of market authority almost as centralized as the state itself - two credit rating agencies, Moody's and Standard and Poor's. These agencies derive their influence from two sources. The first is the information content of their ratings....

The rise and fall of multinational empires have indelibly transformed the political-economic history of Eastern Europe - redrawing its borders, recasting its economic institutions, and redefining the identities of its nations. Just as the political economy of interwar Eastern Europe was shaped...

Despite widespread scepticism, there is a fundamental continuity in the stability of the European Monetary System (EMS) before and after the 1992 crisis. Although speculative pressures provoked European leaders to widen the fluctuation bands of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), thus altering...

As scholarly interest in the concept of identity continues to grow, social identities are proving to be crucially important for understanding contemporary life. Despite - or perhaps because of - the sprawl of different treatments of identity in the social sciences, the concept has remained too...

The 1990s were a difficult decade for the rouble, the Soviet currency that in 1991 became the common currency for all 15 post-Soviet states, and by 1995 had become Russia's currency alone. Within Russia the rouble was systematically rejected by firms and citizens in favour of complicated barter...

This article addresses the ways that economic incentives shape national interests and foreign policies, applying arguments that are derived from Albert Hirschman's National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade (Albert O. Hirschman, National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade (1945;...