The wave of privatization in the 1980s and 1990s increased productivity of many previously state owned enterprises (SOEs). However, governments often do not have su±cient support to privatize SOEs. We provide evidence that threatening privatization and market competition (entry of new firms)...

Using data at firm level this paper studies the behavior of Brazilian firms that exportsa share of its production. The main findings are: only a small fraction of firms sell toforeign countries, most exporting firms sell to few markets, variations in Brazilianexports across destinations...

One question associated with the business cycle agenda of research is to evaluate if the business cycle of different countries may present similar features despite the differences in institutions, industrial structures, public policies and growth rates that those countries may have. Backus and...