U.S. common stocks are simultaneously traded on multiple trading centers. We study quotes and trades with millisecond timestamps during the flash crash of May 6, 2010 and document new findings about order dynamics when the fragmented market is under stress. First, relative to May 5, 2010, the...

We describe the fundamental issues that long-horizon event studies face in choosing the proper research methodology, and summarize findings from existing simulation studies about the performance of commonly used methods. We document in detail how to implement a simulation study and report...

This paper provides new evidence concerning the probability of informed trading (PIN) and the PIN-return relationship. We take measures to overcome known estimation biases and improve the quality of quarterly PIN estimates. We use the average of a firm's PIN estimates in four consecutive...

We propose a method to overcome a bias in the estimate of the probability of informed trading (PIN). This bias arises when the numerical maximization procedure generates corner solutions. We analyze the PIN estimates for about 80,000 stock-quarter pairs between 1993 and 2004, and observe a...

This paper establishes a causal link between the dollar exchange rate and international trade flows, employing a new instrument for the U.S. Dollar that is based on domestic U.S. housing activity (Ma and Zhang (2019)). In line with the dominant currency paradigm (Gopinath et al. (2020)), import...

We construct the five factors in Fama and French (FF, 2015) and the four factors in Hou, Xue, and Zhang (HXZ, 2015) for the Chinese stock market. Our objective is to identify a parsimonious factor model that builds on these factors and provides an adequate explanation for time-series and...

The answer is no. Investors hunt factor exposures and premium across the stock universe. However, the relation between factor exposures and returns is non-linear. Large-scale simulation shows that similar target factor exposures can be engineered using various portfolio construction...