-level trade flows with firm-specific instrumental variables based on world demand and supply shocks. Both export and offshoring … shocks have a positive effect on wages. Exports increase wages for all occupational categories while offshoring has … elasticity of wages with respect to exports and offshoring is higher than in firms with no collective bargaining. Wage gains …

workforce. The effects off-shoring on wages and job composition are also studied. That of low-skill and high-skill tasks, not … ; hollowing out ; skill biased technical change ; terms of trade ; off-shoring …