Sanctions are measures that one party (the sender) takes to influence the actions of another (the target). Sanctions, or the threat of sanctions, have been used, for example, by creditors to get a foreign sovereign to repay debt or by one government to influence the human rights, trade, or...

Global environmental concerns have increased the sensitivity of governments and other parties to the actions of those outside their national jurisdiction. Parties have tried to extend influence extraterritorially both by promising to reward desired behavior and by threatening to punish undesired...

Global environmental concerns have increased the sensitivity of governments and other parties to the actions of those outside their national jurisdiction. Parties have tried to extend influence extraterritorially both by promising to reward desired behavior and by threatening to punish undesired...

Sanctions are measures that one party (the sender) takes to influence the actions of another (the target). Sanctions, or the threat of sanctions, have been used, for example, by creditors to get a foreign sovereign to repay debt or by one government to influence the human rights, trade, or...

Models of spatial competition are typically static, and exhibit multiple free-entry equilibria. Incumbent firms can earn rents in equilibrium because any potential entrant expects a significantly lower market share (since it must fit into a niche between incumbent firms) along with fiercer price...

In a memorable scene from the …lm ”A Beautiful Mind,” John Nash explains to his friends how to direct their attentions to women in a bar. Game theorists who have seen the …lm point out that the proposed solution is not a Nash equilibrium. Here we determine the Nash equilibria to the...

This paper examines why referees for academic journals and grant applications are often not paid for their work. We postulate that referees are motivated by a non-monetary concern for journal quality and also by monetary considerations. Increasing pay is, therefore, a means of encouraging...

Domestic R&D policy is examined in the context of four successive layers of international integration: (a) trade in intermediate and final goods, (b) trade in technologies, (c) international R&D spillovers and (d) internationally-coordinated R&D policy. Positive domestic R&D spillovers are...

We present a model of charity auctions in which all bidders receive a benefit from the host charity raising revenue. Bidding behavior reflects two conflicting incentives: Bids may be inflated because of private benefits from charitable giving, or bids could be depressed by the public goods...