Alternative methods of measuring the restrictiveness of trade policy are reviewed. A new measure is proposed and it is shown to be theoretically superior to other measures and to be easily implementable in practice. Measuring trade restrictiveness is an important aspect of evaluating the stance...

This paper examines the optimality of export subsidies in oligopolistic markets, when home and foreign fires have different costs and there is an opportunity cost to public funds. Subsidies are found to be optimal only for surprisingly lou values of the shadow price of government funds and, if...