just the World Trade Organization but other multilateral institutions as well; and (5) despite shifts in economic power …

trade. Organisations that monitor international macro-economic development have identified growing protectionism – not least … the increase in non-tariff barriers to trade, such as local regulations or subsidies – as a potential cause of the weaker … growth in global trade. Non-tariff barriers to trade are a significant element of countries’ trade policies and may often be …

Since 1981, the United States has managed a trade deficit that has become more negative with each passing year. Yet …, this article investigates the causal relationship between the trade balance of the United States and its gross domestic … product using a Johansen VECM model. The author analyzes trade balance between the United States and each NAFTA country and …

demand in international trade. It was found that the income elasticities of demand are variable and are found to be affected … by industrial and trade policy. It is concluded that the supply (Krugman) and demand (Thirlwall) approaches are …

development increases energy usage's role in causing pollution while attenuating the detrimental impacts of economic growth, trade … requirement for the basis of the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH), which we examine using trade openness and foreign direct …

trade openness on CO2 emissions. The following are the main findings: (i) Fiscal decentralization had a CO2 emission … energy utilization, trade openness, industrial value-added, and foreign direct investment, whereas technological innovation …

from 1990 to 2014. Empirical results were insignificant to explain the long-run relationship between South Africa’s trade …, direct foreign investment and growth with the BRIC countries. The short-run trade effect was little to instil any significant … effect on South Africa’s growth. BRICS trade does not Granger Cause growth in South Africa. Trade and investment policy …