trade barriers for manufacturing industries in European Union countries between 1999 and 2003. We find a large degree of … trade cost heterogeneity across industries. The most important trade barriers are transportation costs and policy factors …

trade barriers for manufacturing industries in European Union countries between 1999 and 2003. We find a large degree of … trade cost heterogeneity across industries. The most important trade barriers are transportation costs and policy factors …

trade barriers for manufacturing industries in European Union countries between 1999 and 2003. We find a large degree of … trade cost heterogeneity across industries. The most important trade barriers are transportation costs and policy factors …

trade barriers for manufacturing industries in European Union countries between 1999 and 2003. We find a large degree of … trade cost heterogeneity across industries. The most important trade barriers are transportation costs and policy factors …

Barriers to international trade are known to be large. But have they become smaller over time? Building on the gravity … directly from the model's gravity equation without imposing arbitrary trade cost functions. As an illustration, I show that U …

This paper provides striking confirmation of the restrictions of the structural gravity model of trade. Structural … forces predicted by theory explain 95% of the variation of the fixed effects used to control for them in the recent gravity … sectoral activity and multilateral resistance variables by equating fixed effects with structural gravity counterparts. Our …