Herfindahl–Hirschman the index needs to pay attention to import players in ASEAN before the trade war. However, after the trade …

figures, primarily by developing country traders. This is due to the inflexible exchange rate regimes, severe import … restrictions and export subsidies prevailing in LDCs. In this paper we focus on the import under-invoicing due to high tariff … under-invoicing. We also look at the optimal levels of import tariff and instruments of government intervention in these …