We study the formation of creative clusters in the light of the changes in theGerman economic and political structures during the 19th century. We show how themigration and geographic location of writers mirrors the evolution of the literary market froma patronage system in a pre-industrial,...

This paper examines the evolution of US literary output in terms of four factors relating to its main authors: their geographic location and migration patterns over almost two centuries, the links between their literary output and age, variations by genre and gender, and motivations for...

The focus of this paper is on a very specific aspect of the 'internationally-organized machine' of economics, namely the evolution and location of the top PhD programmes which underlie the profession. The first part of the paper provides an overview narrative of the historical evolution of PhD...

It has been argued that economic circumstances can partly shape and influence literature. This is so because creative writers must operate within, and are influenced by, the society to which they belong, and by the markets to which they sell their work.This paper examines the evolution of US...

This paper looks at the issue of access to the arts in terms of the very unequal attendance at and audiences for the high arts by educational grouping. The meaning of equal access is analysed, recent data for two countries, namely the United States and Ireland, are examined and new evidence is...

This paper looks at the issue of the taxation of tobacco: why such taxes are imposed, the structure of these taxes in the EU and the issues to which they give rise. The effects of tobacco and the various measures used by government, including taxation, have been very much in the news in 1997....