The federal specific gasoline tax falls equally on consumers and wholesalers; whereas state specific taxes fall almost entirely on consumers. The consumer incidence of state taxes is greater in states that use relatively little gasoline.

Retail and wholesale gasoline prices vary over time and across geographic locations due to differences in government policies and other factors that affect demand, costs, and market power. We use a two-equation, reduced-form model to determine the relative importance of these various factors. An...

Although many theoretical industrial organization models are based on the existence of a critical mass of exogenously “brand loyal†consumers, we find little empirical evidence supporting these assumptions in the orange juice retail market. There are very few loyal consumers. More...