The Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts, taken together, will be the most expensive wars in US history – totaling somewhere … equipment used in the wars and to support ongoing diplomatic presence and military assistance in the Iraq and Afghanistan region …. The large sums borrowed to finance operations in Iraq and Afghanistan will also impose substantial long-term debt …

, checkpoints form a key source of revenue for parties to the conflict. Whether in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo …, Somalia, Syria, the Central African Republic or Iraq, taxing passage is a consistent feature of how conflict actors sustain …

Afghanistan and Iraq, we identify four ‘reconstruction traps’ that result from the incentives and constraints faced by actors …

article argues that most of the activities carried out by U.N. and NGO agencies in Iraq and Afghanistan are not neutral in … politically contestable choices; the tragedy of the attack upon the U.N. in Iraq was that it sought improperly to protect itself …

-in-difference-in-differences approach, we analyze empirically whether the presence of US-based NGOs in Afghanistan and Iraq improved their chances of … external funding. We find that NGOs being active in Afghanistan tended to benefit from easier access to official sources of …