This paper evaluates the strength of social and economic forces that affect the pressure to emigrate 'out of Africa' for four distinctly different African countries (Morocco, Egypt, Senegal and Ghana). In general, great expectations about attaining a higher living standard and expected low job...

Risk is a central issue in rural areas that affects many different aspects of people’s livelihoods in the developing world. Unless well managed, risks in agriculture can slow development and hinder poverty reduction. Farmers’ perceptions of and responses to risk are therefore...

Social capital is a resource, a propensity for mutually beneficial collective action that communities possess to different extents. Communities with high levels of social capital are able to act together collectively for achieving diverse common objectives. While the concept of social capital is...

Vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Betriebsform des Shopping-Centers, welches als räumliche Konzentration von Betrieben des Einzelhandels gesehen werden kann. Betrachtet werden dabei ausgewählte Center in Sao Paulo.