of autocratic government. This paper finds archival evidence of significant costs, multiplied by secrecy’s recursive … spread locally until higher authorities intervened. The paper uses the case of a small regional bureaucracy, the Lithuania … KGB, to estimate the aggregate costs of handling secret paperwork. Over the period from 1954 to 1982, accounting for …

bureaucracy in place of political appointees as an important component of the institutional environment in which private …

bureaucracy in place of political appointees as an important component of the institutional environment in which private …

administrators struggled with this dilemma and failed to resolve it. This episode teaches us about the costs of Soviet secrecy and …This paper is about the costs of doing business under a harsh, secretive dictator. In 1949 the Cold War was picking up … momentum. The Soviet state had entered its most secretive phase. The official rationale of secrecy was defense against external …

data generated by 290 subject pairs, we find that women are more sensitive than men to the costs of generous actions when … greater sensitivity of women to the costs of generous behavior can explain most of the apparent inconsistencies in previously …

This paper analyzes the economic foundations of a non-democratic political regime, where the ruling bureaucracy … equilibrium in the 'political labor market,' where the ruling bureaucracy buys services and political support of activists …