Since the Arctic is increasingly accessible owing to climate change, oil and gas exploitation in the marine Arctic attracts the attention of states and energy companies. However, the marine Arctic, and particularly West Greenland, is known to be particularly vulnerable to oil spills because of...

This article explains pollution and water pollution in detail. The marine pollution is of three kinds - the land based, air based and by maritime transportation. The land-based pollutants are industrial wastes from the discharged untreated waters of the industries, fertilizer and pesticide run...

Climate change is projected to cause brownification of some coastal seas due to increased runoff of terrestrially derived organic matter. We carried out a mesocosm experiment (15 d) to test the effect of this on the planktonic ecosystem. The experiment was set up in 2.2 m 3 bags using four...

COVID-19 lockdown brought to a drastic reduction of anthropic impacts on the environment worldwide, including the marine-coastal system. Earth-Observation (EO) data have the potential to monitor and diagnose the effects of the lockdown in terms of water quality. Here we connect the dots among...

This paper examines operation of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), established under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). The CLCS makes recommendations, based on data submitted by coastal states about the outer limits of their continental shelf (beyond 200...

As the international law of the sea has developed throughout the centuries, and there has been a growing acceptance of the legitimacy of a range of maritime zones, there has been a need to provide certainty with respect to the freedom of navigation through certain waters. The initial focus was...

I model the ocean as an array of lines set within a two-dimensional frame, and show how the Exclusive Economic Zone emerged as an equilibrium in customary international law. I find that custom codifies the efficient Nash equilibrium of enclosure for nearshore fisheries. For highly migratory and...

More than a decade after the Arab oil embargo, the industrialized West still relies on an endless string of ocean tankers to satisfy its profligate need for energy. Every day, more than 100,000,000 tons of oil are transported by ocean vessels. In shipping lanes that each day become more...

This report presents the global ocean/sea ice configuration at eddy-resolving resolution developed at CMCC, and describes numerical results from the first simulation. The model configuration, based on the NEMO system, has 1/16◦ horizontal spacing at the equator and uses 98 vertical levels. So...