This paper reviews international practices for ?bottom-up costing? for medium-term expenditure frameworks. Medium-term expenditure frameworks are important because they incorporate the multi-annual nature of the fiscal policy into the budget process, mitigating its short-term bias. They also...

The use of information plays an important role in the choice of transfer prices (TP). We discuss the information provision of two centralized mechanisms, namely, actual-cost and standard-cost based TP. Actual cost based TP use all available cost information whereas standard cost based TP only...

Da kostenbasierten Verrechnungspreisen in der betrieblichen Praxis eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt, untersucht dieser Beitrag, welche Investitions- und Handelsanreize durch istkosten- und standartkostenbasierte Verrechnugspreise gesetzt werden, wenn die Unternehmensbereiche Kreuzinvestitionen...

In many sectors of the health care system, prices at which providers are reimbursed by payers are not determined by the market mechanism, but rather by a defined administrative process. Depending on the sector, prices are set "politically" and are negotiated between different actors or are...