it differs from the effect of two other important types of financial investors: banks and non-bank financial firms. We … conclusions. The shareholding by PE and bank has influence on out-performance but only if either the PE investor or the bank hold … between 75 to 100 percent of firm's shares. The direction of the effect is opposite. PE has a positive, while bank has a …

, small, and innovative firms) have a multitude of bank lenders, where one may be special in the sense of relationship lending …. However, theory does not tell us a lot about the economic rationale for relationship lending in the context of multiple bank … financing. To fill this gap, we analyze the optimal debt structure in a model that allows for multiple but asymmetric bank …

on bank credit and as they represent the vast majority of the corporate sector reduced credit availability for those …-sized enterprises (SME). We measure the financing opportunities of SMEs based on the bank debt/assets ratio and the logarithmized credit … size and control both explicitly for bank mergers and for the increase in the average bank size in the course of the …

, small, and innovative firms) have a multitude of bank lenders, where one may be special in the sense of relationship lending …. However, theory does not tell us a lot about the economic rationale for relationship lending in the context of multiple bank … financing. To fill this gap, we analyze the optimal debt structure in a model that allows for multiple but asymmetric bank …